下面是小编为大家整理的欧盟贸易政策改革：新地缘经济环境中公平竞争,供大家参考。
Open
S tra t egic
A ut onomy
is
the
EU’ s
new
trade
par - adigm.
European
Commission
P resident
Ursula
v on der
Ley en
wants
t o
reposition
the
EU
in
a
changed geo-ec onomic
en vironment.
P ro t ectionism,
sta t e
in - t er v entionism,
and
na tional
go-it-alone
stra t egies are
en
v ogue .
In
addition,
trade
policy
is
increasing - ly
used
t o
achiev e
geopolitical
objectiv es.
The
Euro - pean
Union
can
no
longer
rely
on
traditional
partners s u c h
a s
t h e
Un i t e d
S t a t e s ;
C h i n a
h a s
b e c o m e
a
s y s - t emic
c ompetit or .
Meanwhile,
the
World
T rade
Orga - niza tion
(WT O )
is
in
deep
crisis.
Giv en
the
changing
na ture
of
the
trade
policy
en vi - ronment
w orldwide,
the
European
Commission
rightly in iti a t e d
a
r evi ew
of
the
E U’ s
tr ad e
p oli cy
ins tru me nts . The
EU
needs
t o
be
sufficiently
equipped
t o
c ount er un fa ir
tr ad e
pra ct ic es
th a t
ha rm
E U
pro du c e rs
a t
home and
abroad.
W ithout
doub t,
some
of
the
e xisting instruments
require
sharpening
and
new
instruments ha v e
t o
be
crea t ed.
At
the
same
time,
self-sufficiency is
no t
a
viable
op tion.
P ro t ectionism
w ould
c ost
jobs, i n c om e ,
an d
w e a l t h
a n d
l e a d
t o
g r e a t e r
i n c om e
i n - equality .
The
EU
should
pursue
an
activ e,
liberal
trade policy
tha t
clearly
aligns
trade
def ense
measures
with Union
int erests.
T rade
policy
should
no t
primarily
be used
as
a
lev er
f or
other
policy
objectiv es.
In
addition, the
European
Union
needs
t o
be
careful
no t
t o
fur ther undermine
the
mul tila t eral
trading
syst em
b y
estab - l is h in g
un il a t er a l
i n st r u men ts
t ha t
a r e
n o t
c o m pa t i - ble
with
WT O
rules.
Thus,
while
the
wider
public
f ocuses
primarily
on
the defensiv e
side
of
trade
policy
–
the
unila t eral
dimen - sion
a t
the
EU
lev el
–
it
w ould
be
shor tsight ed
t o
ne - glect
the
bila t e ral
and
mul tila t eral
dimension.
A ll three
dimensions
w ork
hand
in
hand
and
canno t
be separa t ed
when
discussing
possible
changes
t o
EU trade
policy .
In
our
analysis,
w e
rec ommend
the
f ol - lo wing
ref orms
t o
these
three
dimensions:
THE
UNIL A TERAL
( EU )
DIMENSION
1. ANTIDUMPING
MEASURES
( AD ) :
EU
antidumping measures
are
an
impor tant
t ool
t o
pro t ect
European producers
from
unfair
c ompetition
from
abroad.
The 2 0 1 8
r e f o r m
o f
t h e
A D
R e g u l a t i o n
w a s
o f
g r e a t
i m - por tanc e.
Theref ore,
bef ore
reforming
the
AD
t oolkit again,
a
detailed
analysis
of
its
eff ectiv eness
should be
carried
out
first
–
including
c onsul ta tions
with
all relev ant
stak eholders.
P ossible
ref orm
measures
in - clude
the
f ollo wing:
The
Commission
should
assist c ompanies
in
establishing
the
nec essar y
evidenc e
f or du mping
b y
p ublis hing
fu r the r
rep or ts
a bou t
pric e
dist or tions
in
third
c ountries.
P rocedures
should
be fur ther
streamlined
t o
lo w er
administra tiv e
c osts
t o help
small
c ompanies.
F urthermore,
the
Commission should
more
oft en
pursue
antidumping
and
anti-sub - sidy
in v estiga tions
in
parallel.
Lastly ,
an
e xt ension of
the
antidumping
instruments
t o
trade
in
ser vic es should
be
e xamined.
2. C OUNTER V AILING
( ANTI - SUBSID Y )
DUTIES : The
WT O
rules
on
subsidies,
embedded
in
the
G en- e r a l
A g r ee m e n t
o n
T a r i ff s
a n d
T r a d e
( G ATT )
a n d
t h e A g r e em e n t
on
S u bs i d i e s
a n d
C o u n t e r v a i l i n g
M e a - sures
( S CM
A greement ),
are
w eak.
The
EU
should
pur - sue
mul tila t eral,
plurila t eral
(in
the
best
case,
under the
WT O ),
and
bila t eral
eff or ts
( such
as
in
free
trade a g r ee m e n ts )
t o
de v e l o p
be tt e r
d i s ci p l i n es
o n
i n d u s - t r i a l
s u b s i d i e s
a n d
st a t e - o wn e d
e n t e r p r i s e s ,
a n d
t o strengthen
no tifica tion
disciplines.
The
proposals
of the
T rila t eral
Initia tiv e
( the
EU ,
Japan,
and
the
Unit - ed
S ta t es )
on
appropria t e
rules
is
a
st ep
in
the
right direction.
The
EU
should
also
ref orm
its
c ount er v ail - ing
measures
( CVM).
The
framew ork
f or
CVMs
should be
strengthened
and
its
applica tion
should
be
facil - ita t ed.
In
the
future,
CVMs
should
be
designed
in
a wa y
tha t
allo ws
them
t o
more
fully
address
the
mar - k et-dist or tiv e
eff ects
of
f oreign
sta t e-o wned
ent er - prises
( S OEs ).
3. ENF OR CEMENT
RE GULA TION
AND
CHIEF
TRADE ENF OR CEMENT
OFFICER :
The
am end me nt
t o
t he EU’ s
Enf orc ement
R egula tion
is
indispensable
t o
en - sure
tha t
the
EU
can
deal
eff ectiv ely
with
trade
c on - flicts.
If
a
c ountr y
is
no t
willing
t o
engage
in
media - tion
aft er
a
WT O
panel
repor t,
the
EU
needs
t o
be
able t o
retalia t e
in
order
t o
ensure
a
lev el
playing
field
and fair
c ompetition.
S till,
the
first
priority
must
al wa ys be
the
ref orm
of
the
mul tila t eral
disput e
settlement syst em.
The
newly
established
Chief
T rade
Enf orc e - ment
Offic er
( CTE O )
can
also
help
strengthen
the
po - s i t i o n
o f
t h e
E u r o p e a n
Un i o n
b y ,
f o r
e x a m p l e ,
m o n - it oring
trade
agreements
b y
par tner
c ountries.
The CTE O
should
be
giv en
a
clear
and
transparent
man - da t e
and
sufficient
resourc es.
4. EXPOR T
C ONTR OLS
F OR
CRITICAL
PR ODUCTS DURING
CRISES :
Expor t
c ontrols
–
ev en
if
they
are c ompa tible
with
WT O
rules
–
are
no t
the
right
wa y t o
address
alleged
shor tages
in
critical
products
with c omple x
v alue
chains.
Inst ead,
a
policy
is
needed
tha t secures
and
strengthens
global
supply
chains
f or
pro - t ectiv e
gear
and
medical
goods.
T o
increase
resilienc e, the
EU
should
thoro ughly
analyze
vulnerabilities
in critical
supply
chains.
F ur ther
measures
include
div er - sifica tion
of
supply
a t
the
c ountr y
and
c ompany
lev el
EXE CUTIVE
SUMMAR Y
X
O
R
O
R
SHARE
OF
W ORLD
TRADE
IN
GOODS ,
2 000 – 2 0 1 9 ,
IN
% IMPOR TS
( T OP )
AND
EXPOR TS
( B O TT OM )
40
30
20
10
0
European
Union
Unit ed
S ta t es
China
40
30
20
10
0
Sourc e:
WTO ,
T o tal
Merchandise
T rade,
in
Millions
of
US
Dollars,
Current
P ric e, EU
T rade
Including
Intra-EU
T rade:
<https://data. wt o . org/>
as
w ell
as
stra t egic
reser v es
and
st ockpiling.
In
addi - tion,
the
EU
should
push
the
G20
c ountries
t o
elimi - na t e
cust oms
duties
on
pharmac eutical
products
and int ermedia t e
products
as
w ell
as
medical
products
in a n
un bur e au cr a t ic , c o mp re he nsi v e , an d
la st in g
ma nn er .
5. INTERNA TIONAL
PR OCUREMENT
INS TRUMENT (I P I) :
The
IPI
is
a
useful
t ool
t o
giv e
the
EU
more
lev er - age
t o
achiev e
more
reciprocity
in
go v ernment
pro - curement.
The
Commission ’ s
current
IPI
proposal needs
t o
be
fur ther
revised,
ho w ev er , t o
a v oid
nega - tiv e
implica tions
f or
the
procurement
process.
Thus, the
lev erage
eff ect
vis-à-vis
third
c ountries
should be
strengthened,
f or
e xample
b y
more
eff ectiv e
pric e penalties.
At
the
same
time,
e x c essiv e
bureaucra tic c osts
and
legal
unc er tainty
f or
EU
c ompanies
and contracting
authorities,
as
w ell
as
legal
unc er tain - t i e s
a n d
r i s k s
r e g a r d i n g
p e n a l t i e s ,
m u st
b e
a v o i d e d .
The
EU
also
needs
t o
ensure
tha t
the
IPI
does
no t
re - sul t
in
a
w orsening
of
rela tions
with
par tner
c ountries. Ov erall,
the
IPI
needs
t o
be
balanc ed,
non-pro t ec - tionist,
and
c ompa tible
with
the
rules
and
principles enshrined
in
the
WT O ’ s
G o v ernment
P rocurement A greement
( GP A ).
6. C OUNTERING
EX TRA TERRITORIALITY
OF
SANC - TIONS :
F or
y ears,
the
EU
has
struggled
with
the
e xtra - t errit orial
reach
of
sanctions
and
e xpor t
c ontrols
of
the Unit ed
S ta t es.
Extra t errit orial
sanctions
harm
the
eco - nomic
and
f oreign
policy
so v ereignty
of
the
EU
and
im - pair
the
global
c ompetitiv eness
of
the
European
ec on - omy .
The
EU
theref ore
needs
t o
sharpen
its
t ools
t o c ount er
e xtra t errit orial
sanctions.
The
use
of
the
EU’ s blo cking
st a tu t e
is
an
imp or tan t
p oli tic al
si gna l.
T he
EU should,
ho w ev er , e xamine
the
eff ects
in
grea t er
detail in
order
no t
t o
harm
European
c ompanies
in
the
end.
3 7. 6
3 7. 1
33 .7
35 .5
36 .4
3 5 .1
3 4. 3
3 5 .1
3 4.0
33 .9
31. 2
30 .5
31. 0
28. 9
2 9. 2
2 9. 7
2 9. 8
30 .8
30 .8
3 0. 7
12. 1
1 0. 7
9. 6
8.8
8 .6
8.5
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
200 7
2008
2009
P
8 .7
8 .9
9. 6
1 0. 3
10 .4
11. 1
11. 7
8.0
8. 2
8.0
8.4
8.4
8.4
8. 3
8.5
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
T
1 3 .7
11.8
12. 3
1 3 .1
1 2 .8
9. 1
9. 0
8 .7
2016
2017
12.8
1 3. 2
8 .6
8 .7
3 .9
4. 3
5 .0
5. 8
6. 4
7. 3
8 .1
2000
2018
2019
32.7
33 .4
33 .7
3 5. 3
3 4 .9
33 .7
33 .7
3 4 .6
3 4.0
33 .1
3 0. 7
IMP
3 0. 2
27 .8
2 7. 7
28. 1
12. 6
12.8
12. 3
12.5 12. 3
9. 1
9.5
9. 8
1 0. 3
1 0. 3
T
2 7. 6
28.5
28. 7
2 9. 0
28. 7
18. 9 ...
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