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T
F r eedom
in
the
M uslim
W orld
B Y
M UST AF A
A K Y ol
his
paper
pres ents
the stat e
of
f reedom
in
40 of
the
51
M uslim-majority
c ountries
of
the w orld,
where
sufficient
data
are
a vailable. 1 Ba sed
on
figures
obtained
f rom
the H uman F reedom
I ndex
2019 ,
I
show
how
these
c oun -
tries
rank
on
indicat ors
of
personal
and
ec onomic
f reedom vis -à- vis
the w orld
avera ge
and
each
other. 2
F reedom
is
a
broad
c oncept
and
can
be
mea sured
along various
dimensions.
M y
main
focus
here,
how e ver ,
is
per - s onal
f reedom.
Specifical l y ,
I
look
at
the broad
cat egories of
personal
f reedom
mea sured
in
the H uman
F reedom
I ndex : r ule
of
law;
s ecurity
and
sa fety;
f reedoms
of
mo vement,
reli - gion,
a ss ociation,
a ss embl y
and
civil
s ociet y ,
expression
and information;
and
f reedom
a s
it
relat es
t o
identity
and
rela - tionships.
I
look
at
ec onomic
f reedom
a s
w ell,
but
a s
a
sepa - rate
cat egor y .
Why
focus
on
M uslim-majority
c ountries?
The
first
and
simplest
answ er
is
that these
c ountries
cre - at e
a
meaningful l y
distinct
par t
of
the w orld,
oft en
cal led
“the M uslim
w orld.”
Sec ond,
w e
should
be
especial l y
c onc er ned
with
the M uslim
w orld
becaus e
it
has
extremel y
low
le vels
of
f ree- dom. 3
This can
be
s een
in
the f reedom
ratings
f rom
2008
t o 2017 ,
shown
in
F igure
1,
which
mea sures
personal
f reedom on
a
s cale
of
0
t o
10 ,
where
10
repres ents
the highest
le vel of
f reedom.
A cc ording
t o
the 2017
figures,
the M uslim
w orld is
dramatical l y
less
f ree
(with
an
avera ge
s c ore
of
5 .52)
c om- pared
t o
the f reest
regions
of
the globe—N or th America
and W est er n
Europe
(both
close
t o
9.00)—and
als o
the
w orld
avera ge
(6.98).
I t
has
als o
bec ome
notabl y
less
f ree
during
the nine-year
period
f rom
2008
t o
2017 .
Third,
despit e
this
extremel y
low
le vel
of
avera ge
personal f reedom,
the M uslim
w orld
is
not
a
monolith.
There is
great variation
among
M uslim-majority
c ountries.
The
gap
between the f reest
M uslim-majority
c ountries
(Bosnia
and
H erzego vina and
A l bania)
and
the lea st f ree
ones
(Sy ria
and
Y emen)
is
in
fact huge,
while
other
M uslim-majority
c ountries
are
positioned s ome where
in
between
(s ee
F igure
2
and
T able
1).
M ust afa
Aky ol
is
a
senior
fello w
a t
the
Ca to I nstitute ’ s
Center
for
G lobal
Liberty
and
P r osperity .
2
M OR E F R EE D O M L E SS FR EE DO M N O D A T A
I n
this
paper ,
I
wil l
tak e
a
closer
look
at
these
findings, show
which
M uslim-majority
c ountries
or
regions
are
doing bett er
or
w ors e
b y
various
mea sures
of
f reedom,
and
high - light
s ome
notable
facts
and
patt er ns.
When M uslim-majority
c ountries
are
rank ed
ac c ording
t o their
c ombined
personal
f reedom
s c ores
( T able
1),
tw o
c oun - tries
in
Southea st Europe
stand
out
a s
the most
f ree:
Bosnia and
H erzego vina,
with
a
f reedom
s c ore
of
8.04
(on
a
s cale of
0
t o
10),
fol low ed
b y
A l bania
with
a
f reedom
s c ore
of
8.01. Thes e
s c ores
are
significantl y
abo ve
the w orld
avera ge
(6.98), and
ver y
close
t o
the s c ores
of
c ountries
such
a s
G reec e
(8.07) and
Argentina
(8.04). Thes e
tw o
Southea st
European
M uslim-majority
c oun - tries
are
fol low ed
b y
Burkina
F a s o
of
W est
Africa
(with
a
per - s onal
f reedom
s c ore
of
7 .39),
and
the
K y rgyz
R epublic
of Central
A sia
(with
a
personal
f reedom
s c ore
of
7 .05).
Thes e
four
f reest
M uslim-majority
c ountries
ha ve
a
c om- bined
population
of
about
30
million
people.
A
similar
number
of
M uslims
als o
live
in
the largel y
f ree
c ountries of
W est er n
Europe
and
N or th America.
I n
c ontra st,
more than
1.8
bil lion
of
the w orld’s
1.9
bil lion
M uslims
live
in
na - tions
where
personal
f reedom
is
below
the w orld
avera ge. Thes e
include
most
of
the 40
M uslim-majority
c ountries mea sured
in
this
stud y ,
along
with
the tw o
other
c ountries with
the largest
M uslim
minorities:
I ndia— which
is
home
t o s ome
195
million
M uslims
and
has
a
personal
f reedom
s c ore of
6.37 ,
and
China,
which
is
home
t o
28
million
M uslims
and has
a
personal
f reedom
s c ore
of
5 .92.
The
o ver whelming majority
of
the w orld’s
M uslims,
in
other
w ords,
live
under low
le vels
of
f reedom. 4
R egional l y
speaking,
the
f reest
M uslim-majority
c oun - tries
are
locat ed
in
Southea st
Europe,
W est
Africa,
and Central
A sia.
I n
general,
these
three
regions
are
the f reest
re- gions
of
the M uslim
w orld.
I n
c ontra st,
the lea st f ree
region
is the Midd le
Ea st and
N or th Africa
(s ee
F igure
3).
A
par t
of
the
problem
in
the
Midd le
Ea st
and
N or th Africa
is
violent
c onflict.
I t
is
no
w onder
then
that when w e
look
at
the ver y
bott om
of
the personal
f reedom
index in
M uslim-majority
c ountries
( T able
1)
w e
s ee
the nations that ha ve
gone
through
oc cupation
or
civil
war
in
the pa st
3
decade:
I raq,
Y emen,
and
Sy ria.
They
are,
in
fact, the lea st f ree
places
in
the w orld.
I t
is
a
grim
s c ene,
and
a
reminder of
J ames
M adis on ’ s
a ge-old
wis dom,
“Of
all
the enemies
t o public
liber t y ,
war
is,
perhaps,
the most
t o
be
dreaded.” 5
Another
dreaded
enemy
of
human
liber ty
is
authoritari- anism.
This is
why
Egy pt,
Sudan,
Saudi
Arabia,
and
I ran
ha ve extremel y
low
le vels
of
personal
f reedom,
which
reflect
their authoritarian
political
syst ems,
oppressive
laws,
and
drac o - nian
s ecurity
forc es.
Data
als o
show
us
the
direction
c ountries
ha ve
tak en t oward
or
away
f rom
personal
f reedom
during
the period 2008 –2017 .
A cc ordingl y ,
among
M uslim-majority
c ountries, there
w ere
modest
improvements
in
the K y rgyz
R epublic,
4 P akistan,
and
T unisia.
M eanwhile
there
w ere
dramatic
dete- riorations
in
Sy ria,
Egy pt,
T urk e y ,
and
Bahrain
(s ee
F igure
4). While the sharp
decline
of
personal
f reedom
in
Sy ria
can
be explained
b y
civil
war ,
Egy pt,
T urk e y ,
and
Bahrain
s eem
t o ha ve
suffered
under
political
regimes
that ha ve
grown
in - crea singl y
authoritarian.
Why
are
s ome
M uslim-majority
c ountries
more
or
less f ree?
F irst,
let’ s
s ee
what
does
not
answ er
this
question.
One possible
explanation
is
geopolitical
orientation,
which
in fact
does
not
s eem
t o
define
a
c ountr y’ s
f reedom
s c ore. Examples
are
the Kingdom
of
Saudi
Arabia
and
the I slamic R epublic
of
I ran,
whos e
foreign
policies
t oward
the U nit ed Stat es
and
its
al lies
are
ver y
different,
but
whos e
f reedom le vels
are
similarl y
ver y
lo w .
I n
fact,
I ran ’ s
personal
f ree- dom
s c ore
is
slightl y
higher
than
that of
Saudi
Arabia
(s ee T able
1).
A ls o,
whether
a
c ountr y
is
a
monarchy
or
a
s elf-declared republic
does
not
s eem
t o
be
definitive
for
its
le vel
of
f ree- dom.
I ndeed,
most
republics
in
the Arab
w orld
ha ve
long been
aut ocratic
stat es
dominat ed
b y
hegemonic
par ties and
iron-fist ed
presidents.
I n
fact, s ome
monarchies
in
the Midd le
Ea st
and
N or th Africa
region,
such
a s
J ordan
and M oroc c o,
allow
for
great er
le vels
of
personal
f reedom
than the republics
of
A lgeria
and
Egy pt.
M eanwhile,
a
fact or
that
does
s eem
t o
influenc e
f ree- dom
is
whether
the legal
syst em
is
s ecular
or
religious.
The 10
most
personal l y
f ree
M uslim-majority
c ountries
(Bosnia and
H erzego vina,
A l bania,
Burkina
F a s o,
K y rgyz
R epublic, Senegal,
K azakhstan,
Lebanon,
I ndonesia,
Sier ra
Leone, and
J ordan)
either
ha ve
ful l y
s ecular
legal
syst ems
or
ha ve ver y
limit ed
applications
of
I slamic
la w .
I n
c ontra st,
the lea st f ree
M uslim-majority
c ountries,
besides
thos e
de va s - tat ed
b y
civil
war ,
are
mostl y
what
s cholar
Daniel
Philpott cal ls
“religiousl y
repressive
stat es”:
Sudan,
Saudi
Arabia, I ran,
Br unei
Dar ussalam,
M auritania,
and
the U nit ed
Arab Emirates. 6
H ow e ver ,
there
are
als o
“s ecular
repressive stat es”— such
a s
Egy pt,
Lib ya,
and
A lgeria— whos e
personal f reedom
le vels
are
ver y
lo w .
Therefore,
personal
f reedom
in
the M uslim
w orld
s eems highest
in
s ecular
stat es
that als o
ha ve
more
moderate
po - litical
regimes —a s
oppos ed
t o
draconian
regimes,
such
a s
in Egy pt.
Social
attitudes,
religious
traditions,
and
cust oms
als o matt er ,
a s
human
liber ty
can
be
suppressed
not
onl y
b y
aut o - cratic
stat es
but
als o
b y
il liberal
s ocieties.
When M uslim-majority
c ountries
are
rank ed
ac c ording
t o their
religious
f reedom
s c ores
( T able
2),
Southea st European and
W est
African
stat es,
in
line
with
their
o verall
personal f reedom
s c ores,
fare
w ell.
Thes e
include
A l bania
and
Bosnia and
H erzego vina,
in
addition
t o
Senegal,
M ali,
G uinea,
Sier ra Leone,
Chad,
Burkina
F a s o,
N iger ,
and
The
G ambia.
I n
almost
all
these
c ountries,
“the
c onstitution
car ries robust
pro visions
guarant eeing
religious
f reedom,
is
abs ent of
any
reference
t o
I slam
or
the Sharia,
public
s chools
don ’ t forc e
students
...
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